@article{oai:kanagawa-u.repo.nii.ac.jp:00014561,
 author = {吉川, 良和},
 issue = {62},
 journal = {人文学研究所報, Bulletin of the Institute for Humanities Resarch},
 month = {Sep},
 note = {The story of Mokuren（Mulian in Chinese） about the relief of his mother from hell is well―known not only in China, but also in Tibet, Mongolia, Korea and Japan. A historical record of this story, including illustrations, has been discovered in Budapest and St. Petersburg. The origin of this story is the Buddhist sutra《Yulanpenjing》, which was written before the middle of six century. The keystone of this sutra has become the Chinese traditional conception of filial piety and ancestorsʼ worship. In East Asia people dispense the Bon festival（Yulanpenjie） every year, on the lunar July 15th. In Japan its date was changed to August 15th. During this night, people invoke their ancestorsʼ spirits and dance with them since approximately the Muromachi Period. 　The concept of transmigration was established before the Tang dynasty. It means that after people die, the other world they are going to is already decided. Mokurenʼ mother descended into hell. Buddhist preachers identified the hell she would belong to and hell guardians brought her there. Mokuren searched for his mother through numerous hells, and finally found her in the blood pond hell, where women fall down in order to wash or get rid of the stitches stained with bloods of menstruation and childbirth in rivers and on earth. 　Mokuren recited the 《Ketsubonkyou（xuepenjing）》 sutra so that his mother could escape from the blood pond hell. But she complained that by doing so, other women could also escape. She then fell down to another hell because of her selfishness. Mokuren then decided to beg Buddha to help his mother. Buddha recommended to celebrating the Buddhist Segaki service which relieves all hungry deaths. Through this service, his mother could escape agonies in hell, and Buddha installed her in Nyoirin kannon（Cintāmani―cara）, the bodhisattva that relieves women. 　Nowadays this story is sung at Bon festival in Nanto area in Toyama prefecture, where there is a red lake just like a blood pond in Tateyama mountain hell valley. This songʼs notes are influenced by the Johdo sect which teaches that every person who devotes sincerely to Amidabutsu （Amitābha） can reach the Pure Land, even Mokurenʼs mother who destroyed pagodas, bridges, ships, and statues of Jizo, and slandered what monks preached., Departmental Bulletin Paper},
 pages = {27--54},
 title = {南砺系ちょんがれ目蓮盆踊り唄の詞章研究},
 year = {2019}
}