{"created":"2023-05-15T11:50:48.707234+00:00","id":12586,"links":{},"metadata":{"_buckets":{"deposit":"85f7acb8-eb89-49bc-a325-545b896096cc"},"_deposit":{"created_by":10,"id":"12586","owners":[10],"pid":{"revision_id":0,"type":"depid","value":"12586"},"status":"published"},"_oai":{"id":"oai:kanagawa-u.repo.nii.ac.jp:00012586","sets":["308:309:310:1233"]},"author_link":["33772","33771"],"item_3_alternative_title_20":{"attribute_name":"その他の言語のタイトル","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_alternative_title":"Competition and Collusion of the British Chocolate Makers : 1761～1988"}]},"item_3_biblio_info_7":{"attribute_name":"書誌情報","attribute_value_mlt":[{"bibliographicIssueDates":{"bibliographicIssueDate":"2019-03-25","bibliographicIssueDateType":"Issued"},"bibliographicIssueNumber":"45","bibliographicPageEnd":"81","bibliographicPageStart":"37","bibliographic_titles":[{"bibliographic_title":"経済貿易研究 : 研究所年報","bibliographic_titleLang":"ja"}]}]},"item_3_description_4":{"attribute_name":"抄録","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_description":"19世紀の間に「チョコレート」は上流階級がたしなむ高価な「甘くて温かい飲み物（ココア）」から庶民が食べる「固形の菓子」に変容した。この変化にはヨーロッパにおける一連の技術革新が寄与している。19世紀初めに英国のフライ社はココア製造に初めて蒸気機関を導入して大量生産し、その価格を著しく低下させたが、同社は19世紀中頃には固形チョコレートの大量生産を始めた。しかし、英国産のチョコレートは、その品質の点でオランダやスイスのそれらに遠く及ばず、国内市場には外国製品が溢れた。20世紀初めにキャドベリー社は、英国人好みの高品質で低価格のココアとチョコレートを開発し、さらに工場設備の近代化と積極的な広告宣伝により、英国最大の菓子企業にのし上がった。これに対して後発のラウントリー社は、上記２社とのカルテル締結によって命脈を保った。しかし同社は、1930年代に（キットカットなどの）「カウント・ライン」生産に戦略転換して、成長を遂げた。第二次世界大戦後の経営環境は、それ以前とは全く異なるものとなり、各社は合理化と製品多角化とグローバル化を推し進める。そして、英国の巨大菓子企業はいずれも2010年までに、他の多国籍企業に吸収合併されてしまうのである。","subitem_description_type":"Abstract"},{"subitem_description":"At the beginning of the 19th century, ‘chocolate’ meant expensive sweet hot drink enjoyed by the upper class. But at the end of the century, it meant cheap sweet hard stuff enjoyed by common people. This change was brought about by a series of technical innovations.　The Fry’s of Bristol first introduced Watt’s steam engine to the mass-production of cocoa, and then, at the middle of the 19th century produced eatable chocolate massively. But quality of British chocolates was far lower than Swiss or Dutch chocolates, so, British home market was filled with European chocolates.　At the beginning of the 20th century, the Cadbury’s developed high quality cocoa and chocolate agreeable to British taste. Through modernization and rationalization, they pulled down the price, and by extensive advertising they became the top confectionary maker in Britain. 　The Rowntree’s which entered the chocolate market later managed well through cooperation agreements with Cadbury’s and Fry’s. And, changing their production strategy from imitating to ‘count line’ making（ex. KitKat） in 1930s, Rowntree’s grew up as the second largest chocolate maker in Britain. 　After the Second World War, conditions of the market changed completely. The confectionary makers were compelled to advance rationalization, diversification and globalization. But large British chocolate makers could not survive the chocolate-wars. Rowntree’s was merged by Nestle in 1988, and Cadbury’s was merged by Kraft-Foods in 2010.","subitem_description_type":"Abstract"}]},"item_3_description_40":{"attribute_name":"資源タイプ","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_description":"Departmental Bulletin Paper","subitem_description_type":"Other"}]},"item_3_description_5":{"attribute_name":"内容記述","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_description":"研究ノート","subitem_description_type":"Other"}]},"item_3_publisher_33":{"attribute_name":"出版者","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_publisher":"神奈川大学経済貿易研究所"}]},"item_3_source_id_10":{"attribute_name":"書誌レコードID","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_source_identifier":"AN00071389","subitem_source_identifier_type":"NCID"}]},"item_3_source_id_8":{"attribute_name":"ISSN","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_source_identifier":"0386-5193","subitem_source_identifier_type":"ISSN"}]},"item_3_version_type_16":{"attribute_name":"著者版フラグ","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_version_resource":"http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85","subitem_version_type":"VoR"}]},"item_creator":{"attribute_name":"著者","attribute_type":"creator","attribute_value_mlt":[{"creatorNames":[{"creatorName":"山本, 通"}],"nameIdentifiers":[{}]}]},"item_files":{"attribute_name":"ファイル情報","attribute_type":"file","attribute_value_mlt":[{"accessrole":"open_date","date":[{"dateType":"Available","dateValue":"2019-07-16"}],"displaytype":"detail","filename":"05 英国チョコレート企業間の競争と協調 ： 1761-1988年.pdf","filesize":[{"value":"2.8 MB"}],"format":"application/pdf","licensetype":"license_note","mimetype":"application/pdf","url":{"label":"05 英国チョコレート企業間の競争と協調 ： 1761-1988年","url":"https://kanagawa-u.repo.nii.ac.jp/record/12586/files/05 英国チョコレート企業間の競争と協調 ： 1761-1988年.pdf"},"version_id":"b177f44a-1bf7-4d69-b1b1-478f7cf2dd36"}]},"item_keyword":{"attribute_name":"キーワード","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_subject":"チョコレート","subitem_subject_scheme":"Other"},{"subitem_subject":"ココア","subitem_subject_scheme":"Other"},{"subitem_subject":"キャドベリー社","subitem_subject_scheme":"Other"},{"subitem_subject":"ラウントリー社","subitem_subject_scheme":"Other"},{"subitem_subject":"フライ社","subitem_subject_scheme":"Other"}]},"item_language":{"attribute_name":"言語","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_language":"jpn"}]},"item_resource_type":{"attribute_name":"資源タイプ","attribute_value_mlt":[{"resourcetype":"departmental bulletin paper","resourceuri":"http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501"}]},"item_title":"英国チョコレート企業間の競争と協調 ： 1761～1988年","item_titles":{"attribute_name":"タイトル","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_title":"英国チョコレート企業間の競争と協調 ： 1761～1988年","subitem_title_language":"ja"},{"subitem_title":"Competition and Collusion of the British Chocolate Makers : 1761～1988","subitem_title_language":"en"}]},"item_type_id":"3","owner":"10","path":["1233"],"pubdate":{"attribute_name":"PubDate","attribute_value":"2019-07-09"},"publish_date":"2019-07-09","publish_status":"0","recid":"12586","relation_version_is_last":true,"title":["英国チョコレート企業間の競争と協調 ： 1761～1988年"],"weko_creator_id":"10","weko_shared_id":-1},"updated":"2023-06-20T04:38:37.199649+00:00"}