@article{oai:kanagawa-u.repo.nii.ac.jp:00011919,
 author = {小山, 和伸 and Oyama, Kazunobu and Audrius, Bitinas},
 issue = {1},
 journal = {商経論叢},
 month = {Sep},
 note = {The aim of this article is to define the Japan and Lithuanian pension system
models and reforms. Problems of the Japan and Lithuanian pension systems are
similar to the others industrial Asian or European Union countries: ageing, impact
of crisis and pension system budget deficit.
Until recently, it was a common perception that Japan has managed economic success
without worsening the income inequality and pension benefits, but since the economic
recession in the 1990 and ageing, there are new challenges to the Japan pension
system.
The pension system reform of 2003 and 2011 raised the wide discussion on the
state social pension insurance system future development of Lithuania. This reform
clearly demonstrates that the government in 2003 opted for a liberal position and in
2011−it was decided to strengthen state social insurance guarantees.
Moreover, the Japanese and Lithuanian population ageing rapidly（low birth rate,
longer life expectancy）, therefore, ageing influences the entire society and requires
more complex and pressing pension systems reforms., Article, 論説},
 pages = {21--47},
 title = {BETWEEN EAST AND WEST: PENSION SYSTEMS AND THEIR GOVERNANCE（JAPAN AND LITHUANIA）},
 volume = {48},
 year = {2012}
}